THE RESEARCH
Every claim on this site is grounded in
published research
This page collects the studies and sources cited across the site. Each entry includes a plain-language summary of what the research found and where it was published. This is not the full research base drawn upon for my work - that could fill a small library!
BREATHING & AUTONOMIC REGULATION
Slow breathing enhances autonomic, cerebral, and psychological flexibility through vagal activation and improved gas exchange efficiency.
Diaphragmatic breathing practice reduced cortisol levels and improved sustained attention and cognitive performance over 8 weeks.
Slow-paced breathing at 6 breaths per minute significantly improved HRV and reduced perceived stress in healthy adults.
Nasal breathing activates the diaphragm more effectively and increases parasympathetic activity compared with oral breathing.
Nasal nitric oxide production during nasal breathing enhances pulmonary oxygen uptake and bronchial dilation.
Cyclic sighing for five minutes daily produced greater improvement in mood and physiological calm than mindfulness meditation.
HEART RATE VARIABILITY & COHERENCE
Cardiac vagal tone, indexed through HRV, reflects the capacity to adapt flexibly to changing environmental demands.
Heart rhythm coherence facilitates cortical function, including attention, working memory, and emotional processing.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia biofeedback at resonance frequency improved vagal tone and stress resilience in high-performance professionals.
Cardiovascular and respiratory integration during paced breathing supports improved self-regulation and stress resilience.
COGNITION, CREATIVITY & PERFORMANCE
Walking boosts creative thinking by up to 60% compared to sitting, with effects persisting after the walk ends.
Breakthrough insights arise when the brain alternates between focused attention and diffuse processing, particularly under manageable stress followed by recovery.
Nasal breathing during cognitive tasks improved recognition memory compared to oral breathing.
CLINICAL & APPLIED
Clinical textbook synthesising evidence on dysfunctional breathing patterns, their contribution to chronic pain, anxiety, and fatigue, and the case for targeted breathing retraining. Widely referenced in clinical practice.
Slow breathing techniques enhance autonomic, cerebral, and psychological flexibility through combined vagal and central nervous system mechanisms.
Sighing serves as a physiological reset, restoring alveolar function and preventing progressive lung collapse during normal breathing.
ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY
How the Resilience Profile is built
The Resilience Profile is an educational self-assessment designed to bridge lived experience with evidence-based breathing and regulation practices. It was developed through my clinical training across Oxygen Advantage, HeartMath, and trauma-informed coaching methodologies, combined with systematic review of the published research cited throughout this site.
The assessment evaluates four independent dimensions of nervous system regulation:
Breathing Function measures the patterns that shape how your autonomic nervous system operates — nasal vs oral breathing, breathing rate, upper-chest vs diaphragmatic movement, and CO₂ tolerance indicators. The questions draw on respiratory physiology research (Zaccaro et al. 2018, Ma et al. 2017) and clinical breathing assessment principles from the Oxygen Advantage and Buteyko traditions.
Stress-Recovery Balance captures how well your system shifts between activation and recovery. This domain draws on the neurovisceral integration model (Thayer & Lane 2000), HRV research (Porges 2007, Laborde et al. 2022), and autonomic regulation literature. It assesses whether recovery is matching demand — not just whether you feel stressed.
Sleep Quality is treated as an active regulator of next-day capacity, not a passive indicator of how things went. This reflects Sullivan et al. (2018), who demonstrated that sleep quality moderates the effectiveness of emotion regulation strategies, and Palmer & Bower's (2023) meta-analysis showing sleep loss directly reduces emotional regulation capacity.
Self-Regulation Capacity evaluates the conscious ability to influence your own state — including interoceptive awareness (Mehling et al. 2012), emotional recovery patterns, and the capacity for flexible engagement with difficulty rather than suppression or avoidance (Grol & De Raedt 2020).
Each domain is scored independently and displayed as a separate dimension of the regulation picture. The domains are interconnected — breathing patterns influence stress recovery, sleep shapes next-day regulation, and interoceptive awareness underpins the capacity to use breathing as a deliberate tool — but the assessment treats them as distinct measurements rather than components of a single score.
The assessment generates one of four regulation profiles based on domain patterns, each with specific practice recommendations drawn from an evidence-informed intervention framework spanning seven progression levels. Questions use symptom-first language and focus on lived experience rather than technical knowledge. The instrument is designed to be trauma-informed throughout — describing current states rather than assigning fixed identities.
The Resilience Profile has not undergone formal psychometric validation (test-retest reliability, criterion validity, or factor analysis). All four domains rely on self-report, and research demonstrates that self-reported physiological experience maps imperfectly onto measured physiological states (Psohlavec et al. 2025). The assessment is most useful as a starting point — a structured way to understand current patterns and identify where breathing-based interventions are likely to have the most impact.
For deeper evaluation, a practitioner-led session adds functional breathing assessment, wearable HRV data review, and clinical observation that self-report cannot capture. The assessment is designed to work both as a standalone educational tool and as the first stage of a guided process.
